United States v. Nixon

The Cover-up

1. Regardless of the outcome, should the President of the United States have a right to privacy in regards to the Oval Office tapes? Explain.

Yes I believe that the president should have the right to privacy, but the tapes should have been handed over to the public because there needs to be evidence either in favor of Nixon, or against him in regards to watergate. The public needs to know if he is abusing his power in anyway and the tapes prove the outcome. But on the other hand these tapes were Nixon's personal effects, almost like his journal. By taking them it would be an act against his personal rights in regards to property.


2. Was President Nixon justified when he fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox? Explain.

No Nixon was not justified when he fired Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox because he was doing it to save himself. By firing Cox Nixon would have a better chance of being seen as innocent. Even though Nixon was the president of the USA he has no right telling the man who pretty much determines the outcome of the case to be fired, it is the equivalent of a criminal being allowed to pick who he wanted for a judge.


3. Was Nixon creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand-over the tapes? Explain.

Yes Nixon was creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand over the tapes because they were his property so he had the right under the constitution not to hand them over, but at the same time they should have been handed over because they were seen as evidenced in the case. The public probably saw this as the government trying to take away Nixon's constitutional rights making them see Nixon as innocent.


Closure

4. Why do you think the American public was so outraged by Watergate?
I think that the American public was so outraged by Watergate because it showed that the candidate's in the election were fake, and deceiving. And when they were caught they tried to cover everything up making an even bigger mess.

5. Do you think President Nixon should have resigned? Explain.

If i were in his position and about to be impeached i probably would have resigned in order to avoid the humiliation of being the 2nd president to be impeached. But no I think that he should have stayed president as long as he could to insure that the nation remained secure and let no room in for a change in government (dictators and such.)

6. Do you think President Nixon should have been prosecuted? Explain.

I believe that he should have been prosecuted as long as there was enough evidence to convict him even if he had the best lawyers ever. The government would look foolish and weak if the case didn't hold up due to lack of evidence, therefore I believe that yes Nixon should have been tried because what he did was wrong and illegal, but there needs to be enough proof for him to be convicted.

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall

1. How are the "plumbers" connected to President Nixon?

Plumbers were the people who broke into watergate to help save Nixon, these men were used to stop leaks from getting to the public. They are connected to president Nixon because they worked for him.

2. Who was the judge? Why did he hand out maximum sentences?

The judge was John Sirica and he handed out maxium sentences because he was informed in a letter that the bulgars had not acted alone and that they had lied under oath. The letter also hinted that powerful men in Nixons administration were involved in watergate. he couldnt decide who was lying and he wanted people to be scared of what was going to happen so that they would tell the truth.

3. How were Mitchell and Dean connected to Nixon?

John Mitchell was Nixons former attorney, and dean was Nixons presidential counsel, but dean was also the man who told the court that Nizon had been deeply involved in watergate.

4. How were Haldeman and Erlichman connected to Nixon?

Haldenman was Nixons chief of Staff, and John Ehrilchman was Nixons Cheif Domestic Advisor.

5. What did the following men tell the Senate about Nixon?

a. Dean- Told Nixon was deeply involved in the coverup, He talked about a meeting where Nixon and some of his advisers talked about how they were going to continue the deceit.

b. Butterfield- He told the court that Nixon had taped all of his meetings so that he would be able to write his memoir.

6. Who was fired or forced to resign in the "massacre"?

Fired- Cox, and Attorney General Richardson because he refused to fire Cox.

general robert bork was the one who finally fired Cox

7. Why weren't investigators satisified with the transcripts?

The investagators were upest becuase Nixon gave them the edited tapes of Watergate, and they demanded for the unedited ones.

8. What did the tapes reveal?

The tapes revealed that there was not enough evidence to impeach president Nixon.

9. Why did Vice President Spiro Agnew resign?

Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because in 1973 he was under investigation of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy; but later that year he was formally charged with accepting bribes of more than $100,000. It was agreed that if he paid $29,500 (his income) and he resigned as the vice president he would not have to go to jail.

10. What did the House Judiciary Committee charge President Nixon with?

The House Judiciary Committee charged President Nixon with three forms of impeachment. Charging him with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress for refusing to obey a congressional subpoena (releasing the tapes).

Women Fight for Equality

Directions: As you read about the rise of a new women’s movement, take notes to explain how each of the following helped to create or advance the movement.

1. Experiences in the workplace- Women could only work certain jobs such as nurses, teaching, social work, retail services etc, none of which paid very well. Even when they were working the same jobs the women still got paid less. Women were not promoted to management positions even if they were more educated etc. When the facts came into the news it moved the woman to do more.

2. Experiences in social activism- Most women felt the sting of discrimination when they came to become involved in civil rights and antiwar movements. If women were in the SNCC and the SDS, the men were always the leaders and the women had roles that were less important.
In group discussions women found that the attacks were similar in the ways that they were all sexist discrimination based in gender.)

4. Feminism- The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality with men. Gained their movements in the 1800's and in the 1920's women won the right to vote.

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is what gained the womens strength. The act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender, which opened up equal Employment Opportunity Commissions (EEOC).

7. National Organization for Women (NOW)- NOW was created by Betty Friedan to pursue womans goals. Members pushed for the creation of child care facilities which would let mothers work and get an education. Their push on EEOC made sex segregated job ads illegal, and they made guidlines to employers saying that they could no longer refuse to hire a woman for traditionally male jobs.

8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine- Gloria Steinem was a a journalist, a political activist and and ardent supporter of the womans liberation movement who spoke about feminism and equality. Ms. Magazine was a feminist magazine that Gloria Steinem wrote.

9. Congress- Congress expanded the the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break to pay for child care. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) which needed ratification by 38 states to become part of the Constitution it was passed.

10. Supreme Court-

11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?-

The men who were in competition of the jobs that the women would be able to receive would be against the the equal rights amendment. Men would lose jobs if the woman started to fill the open slots, therefore they wouldn't be able to provide for their families.

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

1. US military tactics in Vietnam-
I thought that the U.S's tactics in Vietnam were unknown. The U.S went into Vietnam without a plan of action, they knew what they wanted but they didnt know how to defeat the Gurilla Warfare that they were against. The U.S had good weapons and trained soldiers but they could not figure out what to do with what they had, which is why they just bombed the heck out of everything. In source 39 in the Vietnam pdf file it shows the increase in the troops in Vietnam under different Presidents, it also shows the causilitys of U.S troops there. In Source 40 in the Vietnam pdf it is a discussing of a officer of the Marine Corps talking to one of his troops about how he doesnt know how the U.S is going to win this war.
2. The unpopularity of the South Vietnamese regime-
The U.S lost respect from the Vietnamese people when they appointed Diem as the leader of South Veitnam. Diem hated communism so the U.S though it would help their people oppose it to, but Diem was a really bad man who appointed his family into powerful postions and treeated the people like dirt. In source 33 in the Vietnam pdf file it shows a buddist prist burning himself to death becasue the buddish shrines were being burned by Diem (who did not like Buddists.)
3. The experience of the Viet Cong and the inexperience of the American soldiers-
The Vietcong had the home field advantage knowing the forests that they were hidding in, they also had thoes underground hideouts to avoid teh U.S troops and bombs. The Vietcong had better moral than the U.S soldiers, even though their weapons werent as advanced (backed by China and the USSR.) The U.S troops had no way of finding the Vietcong because of the Gurilla warfare and they blended in with the villiagers. The U.S lost support from the people there and other countrys becasue of all the civilan causlaties during the war. In source 36 it shows a picture of the tunnelish caves the Vietcong had, source 43 shows why the troops were sent home ( died in the first month or were sent home after a year which was just when they were gaining experience, and the commanders were stuck with a whole new spatoon again.)
4. Domestic opposition to the war in the U.S.-
People in the United States were not happy with the war, they felt that they were losing their sons, brothers, fathers to the war who were being killed by the thousands. In sources 43 it shows how fast troops were killed, and in source 36 it shows the anmount of deaths. Sources
5. Chinese and Soviet support for the Viet Cong-
The Chinses and USSR wanted the Vietcong to win becasue they were pro communist. The Chinese and Soviet Union were also supplying them with war supplies like food, ammo, and weapons. In source 38 it shows that the Chinese want to get imperilasim out of Vietnam.
6. 'But did they really lose?' Summarize the argument put forward in Source 57, and your view on it.
I dont believe that anyone really won or lost this war. There were other battles that were not covered in this lesson that show that the U.S really did have th upper hand such as the battle of Dakto, the battle Hue, and Iadrang. The U.S was able to gain back land in South Vietnam that was taken by the Vietcong, and they were able to stop the "domino theroy" from ever happening. The Vietcong in the end still had their land in North Vietnam and the support of the Communsit powers (USSR and China) and they were able to make the U.S look bad to the world. There were no clear winners like WWII in these confrontations on the U.S and the Vietcong, they would be defeated and then move on.

Vietnam War Opposition

You are an opponent of American involvement in Vietnam. Use the evidence in this chapter to begin formulating ideas to make a poster or a leaflet putting forward your views. You will work on this in class on Friday. You can include stories and images from pages 353-61. However, you must also include an explanation that will convince the supporters of containment that the policy is not working in Vietnam. OPTIONAL: Instead of opposing the war, you can support it. Feel free to make a COUNTER-ARGUMENT that the war is necessary to contain Communism.



1. Note all of the reasons why you feel the war in Vietnam is wrong.
I believe that the war in Vietnam is wrong because its killing innocent civilians instead of the Vietcong. It is also a waste of our soldiers lives seeing we do not have good enough tactics to defeat the Vietcong effectily. Mia Laia



2. Note what you re trying to achieve with this poster. (e.g. to convince people to write to their Congressmen to get the troops out.)
If we get the troops out of Vietcong we could save American lives. Yes we need to stop the spread of Communism, but we are killing more innocent people than we are killing Vietcong. IF the U.S was able to stop the threat posed by the communist Vietcong and defeat them effectily then it would be ok to be at war, but right now its a waste of our countrys people.



3. List possible images for your poster. Think about: background (e.g. destroyed villages); the central image (e.g. picture of a young soldier); whether you will need words to explain your image.
Monks burning themselfs in protest of the war, the little girl without close on because of the agent orange, dead civilian bodies on the side of the road, American soldiers either wounded or dead because they were killed.

4. List some possible slogans for your poster.
"Stop the massacer! Think Peace Man"
"Dont kill your neighbors sons hubans ect. keep them home think peace"

Vietnam War Turning Points

1. Why was the Tet Offensive a turning point? Explain your answer.
The Tet Offensive was a turning point for the war becasue it was a disaster for the communist becasue they hoped the people of Souh Vietnam would rise up and join them, but they didnt. It was a turning point for the war because "it raised hard questions about the war in the USA." There were almost 500,000 Vietnam and the USA was spending $20 billion a year on the war. The US took back towns but becasue they were using lots of bombs and guns, in the process lots of civilians were killed, and the ancient city of Hue was destroyed.
2. Are Sources 51 and 52 making the same point about the My Lai Massacre?
Source 51 is shpwing how innocent boys from the US were taken and
used to kill thousands of people (a whole villiage.) The boys refer to their actions as Nazi, Killing just to kill. THe boys didnt want to go to Vietnam to be NAzis they wanted to get away from home and serve their country becasue it was the American Ideal.
Source 52 shows how the killings were "justified" as killing to get rid of an idea. But you cannot defeat an idea with guns. This source is making up excuses for the killings such as destroying communism, and they were there to kill "blobs pieces of flesh" which shows that the fact that they were killing meant nothing to them.
3. Why do you think it took 12 months for anyone to do anything about the massacre?
I think that it took 12 months for anyone to do anything about the massacre because the commanding officer lied about the event and the unit was praised. But later (1 year) the men who fought were problay shiped home and were able to tell their stories, which was then collected and made into the case by Ronald Ridenhour.
4. Why was the massacre so shocking to the American public?
The massacre was shocking to the American public because they could not believe that the Americans would killing innocent people like that. They thought that America was winning and was able to stop raiding as much. They saw the horrors inflicted apon the villagers by the US and were horrified that they could do such a thing.

The U.S. struggles against the Communist in Vietnam

1. Now think about the overall picture - how the strengths and weaknesses work together.



a) Were the armies finely balanced or was the balance strongly weighted to one side or the other?
The United States was much greater in size and power than the Viet Minh. The United States had new tech, money to support the troops, and the troops were trained for what they were going to do. The Viet Minh was small in size and had dated weapons.

b) Which quality was most important in determining who won the war? Was one feature so important that being ahead in that area meant that other advantages or disadvantages did not matter?
I think that the moral of the soldiers was the most important and how far the countrys were going to let this war go on. You can destroy an army, but you can never destroy an idea; I believe that the Viet Cong would keep fighting until they got what they wanted because each soldier was fighting for what they believed in. The U.S soldiers on the other hand wanted out, their moral was hurt from the Gurillia warfare, and they were not fighting for personal gain, they were there because their commanding officer told them to go.

a. The U.S. weaknesses were:
Their moral was hurt from theGureillia warfare. They didnt know how to win against them, becasue the armys blended in with the peasants. The U.S decided to use chemical weapons and bombs to find the Veir Cong, but this just upset the peaseants causing them to lean more to the communist side rather than with the U.S.

b. At the same time, the Communist strengths were:
The Communists were gaining "votes" from the people in the South becasue of the crule government of Diem, and what they saw the U.S doing to the civilians while looking for the Viet Cong. If the communists were to win in Vietnam then they could take over all of South East Asia.

c. The U.S. forces did have some successes. For example:
The U.S was able to put Diem in power, who was so anti communist that he was perfect for the position. The U.S was able to attack Communist forces in Vietnam after 1969. The bombings of Haiphong ( North Vietnams Captial) from 1970- 1972 allowed the US to bring negotiating up.

d. However, there were some major failures as well. Examples of these were:
In bombing raids the communists were only slowed down. The cost of the air raids were horrible Communists shot down about 14000 planes. The United States was also losing the support of the Vietnamese people becasue while looking for the Viet Cong they were destroying villages, and killing people with the bombs and chemical weapons.

e. The Viet Cong had some major successes, such as:
Making the U.S troops lose all their moral becasue of the Guriella warfare attacks on the camps at night. The Viet Cong also had the support of the peaseants/villagers. They helped them in the fields and were told to be curterous and respectful.

f. However, they also suffered defeats, for example:
The Viet Cong lost to the U.S becasue their supplies were heavly bombed, their weapons and numbers were far less than thoes of the U.S and the U.S was securing groung in Southern Vietnam to ensure that they would have land if the country went Communist.

g. If I had to identify one major American weakness, it would be [Lack of Tactic] because:
The U.S had everything it needed to win the war at the beginning. They had weapons, troops, support from the villagers etc. But because they didnt know how to adapt to the Guerilla Warfare they were being killed. They also needed to come up with a way to find the Viet Cong without risking the lives of villagers. This lost the U.S support from the villager and pushed them toward communism, it also wasted larger amounts of U.S money to support operations that were not succesful at all.

h. The key Viet Cong strength was [Gurilla Warfare and High Moral] because:
This tactic worked against the U.S forces it made them scared no matter where they were. The U.S also could not adapt to this method so the Viet Cong got a lot more out of it than they should have. The high Moral of the troops made it so they wanted to fight, and they would be willing to give their lives.

The U.S. Enters the Vietnam War

1. Many neutral observers in Vietnam were critical of US policy. Explain why.-
There were many neutral observers in Vietnam who were critical of US policy because the United States did not allow the people there to have a vote on what form of government they wanted becauswe they were afraid that communisum was to popular with the people there. In southern Vietnam the U.S didnt let the people choose their leaders, even local ones such as mayors.


2. Explain how US politicians would have defended their policies.-
U.S politicians would have defended their policys as protecting the world from the domonino effect of Communism. The US was preventing Vietnam from becoming communist so that the rest of South East Asia would not follow behind it.

3. The following events are not listed in correct date order. Place them in the correct chronological order. (Write the year inside the parenthesis, i.e. (1965). Then note the reason for each U.S. action, and how it brought the U.S. into deeper involvement in Vietnam.
The reasons you can choose from are: No direct involvement; financial support; political involvement; military involvement. Also, note what events triggered the increased involvement.-


(1964 ) Assassination of JFK - Johnson becomes president- Political Involvment

(1955) Formation of South Vietnam- Political Involvment

(1964 August after JFK ) Gulf of Tonkin Incident-Military involvment, North Vietamise ships stared to open fire on US ships on the coast, which triggered more involvment

(1962) Number of 'advisers' reaches over 11,500- Military

(1964) JFK sends military advisers- military
(1965) U.S. Marines land at Da Nang- military involvment

(1954) U.S. stops elections in Vietnam- Political Involvment, stop spread of comunism

(1963) U.S. supports South Vietnam government after army overthrow Diem-

The Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Kennedy described Wednesday, Oct. 24 and Saturday, Oct. 27 as the darkest days of the crisis. Use the information on page 350 to explain why.-
October 24- the first missile carrying ships were accompanied by a USSR submarine, approach the 500 mile blockade zone. But whent they suddenly, in the morning, the Soviet Ships that were closest to the zone stoped. This probaly scared the US because the USSR ships were so close to the USA armed with missiles.
October 27- Khrushchev (the USSRs leader) sent another letter, making new proposals, saying that the condition for removing the missiles from Cuba is that the USA withdraw its missiles from Turket. But JFK didnt/ couldnt accept this condition. On the same day a American U-2 palne was shot down over Cuba, and the pilot was killed. JFK was advised to launh an immediate reprisal attack on Cuba. JFK delayed the attack. He also ignored the 2nd Khruschev letter, but accepts the terms suggested by Khrushchev on Oct 26. He said that if the the USSR didnt withdraw an atttack would follow.

2. Do you think that nuclear war was ever a possibility in this crisis?-
No I do not believe that nuclear war was ever a possibility because both superpowers saw what had happened to heroshima and nagasaki. The destruction was devastating, I dont think that either country wanted all of thoes civilan causilities on their hands.

3. Is Source 26 a Soviet or an American cartoon? Explain your answer by referring to the details in the cartoon.-
This source is an American Cartoon because it shows that the the USSR leader was struggling under JFK. both leaders were sitting on nucs so it symbolizes that they were fighting about the nuclear war. And JFK's finger is about to hit the button that makes the USSR's hydrogen bomb go off.

4. Using Source 27 list any evidence you can find for and against each of the explanations.-
To bargain with the USA- the USSR used the missiles to try and get the US's missiles out of Turkey.
To Test the USA- The USSR was trying to see how far they could push the USA before they reached total war.
To Trap the USA- The USSR wanted the USA to find them and be drawn into a nuclear war. He didnt try to hide them either.
To Get the Upper Hand in the Arms Race- The USSR was trying to get missiles closer to the USA because they didnt have the long range missiles that the US had.
To Defend Cuba- The USSR was trying to keep the Cuban people safe by putting the missiles there to make sure that teh USA didnt try to invade.

Why did the Soviet Union place nuclear missiles on Cuba?
To bargain with the USA-
The USSR hoped that if they put missiles in Cuba that they could bargin with the United States to get the US missiles out of turkey, which were a threat to the USSR.
To test the USA-
The USSR was trying to see if the USA was going to drop a bomb so they placed the bombs on Cuba to see how the US would respond.
To trap the USA-
The USSR wanted the US to feel surrounded the way teh USSR did becasue they knew that the US was able to attack with out sending out planes.
To get the upper hand in the arms race-
The USSR hoped that they would threaten the US into feeling like they were going to be attacked at any time.

The U.S. Attempts to Contain Cuba

1. Why was Cuba so important to the United States?-
Cuba was important to the United States for a few reasons. Cuba was used as a bumper for the US between the spanish countrolled countries. American businessmen also had a lot of money invested in Cuba mostly in Sugar plantations.


2. Why do you think the Americans chose to equip Cuban exiles rather than invading themselves?-
I think that the US didnt want to look like it was scared of Cuba, because if they were to attack the USSR would back up Cuba and the two Superpowers would have another mini war using smaller countries. The US used exiles because they would blend in and would be less noticed by the Cuban government, the US was probaly hoping that they would say that the US sent them.


3. Why did the invasion fail?-
This invasion failed because the exiles were poorly trained and probaly didnt know what to do. The Cuban government found out about them and captured some as prisoners, and others were killed by the military.


4. Compare Source 17 on page 345 (in the Arms Race.pdf reading) with Source 24 on page 348. Describe how the Soviet Union missiles on Cuba changed the Cold War balance of power.-
Source 17- Shows the locations of missles in the two superpowers and where each country had other weapons placed in other countries as back up reserves.
Source 24- This source shows why the missles placed in Cuba were a threat to the united states. The map shows how the missles would be able to reach almost every point in the united states. It also shows that there is a USSR ship off the Florida coast which shows that it would be able to send a missle to hit the Space

The American Dream in the 1950s

1. Baby Boom-
The Baby boom was when the American soldiers came home and settled into urban life and had a family, which ended in a huge increase in the number of babies born that year. This is important because it was the largest generation in Americas history.

2. Dr. Jonas Salk-
Dr. Jonas Salk developed a vacine for poliomylitis, Polio. This is important because it saved hundreds of thousands of childrens lives.

3. Interstate Highway System-
The Interstate Highway System was important because there were so many cars that there wasnt enough roads. The Interstate was a network of highways. Allowed long haul trucking to be possible, but trains declined as well as towns not along the highway. Because of the cheap gas and interstate families were travling all over the place.

4. Franchise-
Is a company that offers similar products or services in many locations. This was important because it was the start of McDonalds and other fast food places, along with many of the businesses that we shop at today such as Mobile gas, Stop and Shop, dunkin donuts etc.

5. In a paragraph, describe in detail how Americans spent their leisure time in the 1950s
Because people only worked 40 hour weeks there was more leisure than ever. Also because of the new advances in tech each household was able to have washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, powered lawn mowers, etc, which opened up time for people to spend. In their spare time people played sports and other recreational activities, along with watching them on t.v. Besides rec activities people also began to read a lot in their spare time, book sranged from cooking and classics to comic books and magazines.

The Arms Race

1. Read Source 12. What methods do you think Dulles had in mind to 'liberate captive peoples' without a war?
I would say that he was going to do things like have "mini wars" like the Korea war where the U.S doesnt specifictly attack communism, the US would instead back anit communist peoples. Anouther thing they could do was have wars in technololgy like which superpower could have the most atomic weapons, who possesed the most deadly one, who could get a man onto the moon/into space.
2. Look at Source 13. Would you agree that the Communist world was encircled? Explain your answer.
Yes i agree that the USSR was surrounded by the allied powers that were trying to contain communism. The USSR was surrounded by SEATO, CENTO, and NATO. Because all of these packs were made by anit-communist countries the USSR had to make the warsaw pact to counter all of the other anti communist countries.
3. Carefully examine the verticle timeline on page 343. Then look back at Source 12. Do you think the development of nuclear weapons was what Dulles might have had in mind? I believe that Dulles was talking about beating the soviets in having the best waepons stockpiled to show that they had more power and that the USSR was almost always behind on discovering new things
4. Look at Source 16. What is the Soviet cartoon saying about the U-2 plane?
The Soviet Union was saying that the U-2 planes were used by the US to spy on them. The cartoon was used to gain intelligance on the USSR. While the US used hi-tech to spy the USSR was fine with using human people to gain intelligance on the US.
5. Read the Factfile on page 344. Explain why the USSR was so angry about the US spy flights.
The USSR had everyright to be upset with the US spy flights over their territory. When Truman was president the 2 countries made an agreement that there would be no flights over each others countries to insure that there were no atomic bombs dropped without warning. But the US sent in U-2 spy planes anyways. Unlike spys these planes could gather much more information because of all the hi-tech. The USSR should have been angry because Eisnhower broke the agreement that was starting to help the relations of the 2 superpowers.
6. How would the USA justify this violation of Soviet territory?
The USA could justify this violation of USSR territory by saying that they were looking after the US citizens best intrestes making sure that there wasn't going to be any atomic bombs dropped on them when they were sleeping. The USA could also say that flying these planes was the equilevent to having spys sent into the USSR to gather info, and they could accuse the USSR of sending spys over (which they did to get Powers out of his 10 year sentence)
7. If the USSR had had U-2 planes, do you think it would have used them? Why?
I believe that if the USSR had the U-2 planes they would use them but I think that if the USA had told them that it was a violation they would have stopped and relied on the spys again to avoid another war.
8. Look at Source 17. Why do you think the USA had missiles based in Europe?
I believe that the USA had missles based in europe becasue it would be easier and quicker to drop them on the USSR if there was an emergency. If the missels were kept in the USA they would take them more time to get to the USSR which depending on the events could cost a lot of people their lives.
9. Define the term 'nuclear deterrent' in not more than 20 words.
Nuclear Deterrent- a countrys nuclear weapons arsenal, for a countrys nuclear deterrent to be successful, the country has to preserve its second strike capability.

"Deterrence Theroy- holds that the nuclear weapons are intended to deter other states from attacking with their nuclear weapons, through the promise of retaliation and mutually assured destruction(MAD) It can also bbe assigned as a response to an attack by conventional forces"-Wikipiedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent)

Eisenhower & The Cold War

How did the United States react to the following 7 events, and why?



1. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.
When The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949, President truman was faced with a terrible decision, wheter to develop an even more horrifying weapon or not. America was worried what teh USSR would do wiht these bombs so they decided to creat a better, stronger bomb, the Hydrogen Bomb.

2. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister placed the oil industry in Iran under the Iranian government’s control.
The United States feared that because the British were refusing to buy the oil, and the iranian economy wen tdown that they would become pro communist by turnig to the Soviets for help. So the CIA gave them several million dollars hopingthat the last leader would take charge again.

3. The Guatemalan head of government gave American-owned land in Guatemala to peasants.
Eisenhower beliueved that the Guatemalas' government had communist sympathies because it had given more than 200,000 acres of Americna owned land to the peasants. America had the CIA trained an army to invade Guatemala. The Gautamalan army refused to defend the president and he was forced to resign, the american armys leader became the new dictator of the country.

4. In 1956, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal.
Right after the Geneva summit Great Britain and rthe US helped build a dam at on the Nile River (Aswan)But the Egyptian leader was trying to use both the USSR and the US to gain double the aid for his country. When the loan was withdrawn after finding out about the dealings withthe soviets nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which was owned by the French and the British who became outraged after hearing of this. Nasser refused to let ships pass that were headed for Israel. All the countries sent troops in and the UN was forced to step in to stop the fighting. And Nasser was left with the control of the canal.

5. Soviet tanks invaded Hungary and fired on protesters in 1956.
America should have been there to help the people. But because it was the USSR's satillite nations. The protester were armed with only bottles and pistols.

6. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.
America were shocked by being beaten by the Soviets. The US then put a lot of money into their space program. U.S scientists had to work over time to catch up with the Soviets. The first U.S attempt to send up a satillite did not go as planned. But on January 31st 1958 the US was able to get the satillite into space.

7. In 1960, the Soviet Union brought down an American U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers.
The CIA began making high altitude flights over the Soviet territory after the "Open Skies" proposal in 1955. The planes they used were called U-2. As a U-2 passed over the USSR its infrared cameras took detailed photographs of troop movement and missel sites. U.S officals wanted the missions stopped, and so didnt president Eisenhower. "If one of these aircrafts were lost when we were engaged in apparently sincere diliberations, it could... ruin my effectiveness," Powers had just gotton over enemy li nes when he was shot down by a soviet plane and was forced to parachute down to the ground, but he was forced to spend 10 years in prison. Eisenhower denied that the U-2 was spying and Khrushcev demanded an apology for the flights and a promise to halt them. eisnhower stopped the U-2 flights, but he didnt apologize. So Khrushchev called off the summit, he also withdrew his invitation to Eisenhower to visit the USSR. Now the tension between the 2 superpowers was as great as ever.

The Red Scare (1950s).

1. HUAC - House Un-American Activities Committee. An Agencie that investigated possible Communist influence, both inside and outside the U.S government. The HUAC was the most famous. In 1947, it made headlines in newspapers because it had become to investigate Communist influance in the movie industry. The HUAC believed that communists were sneaking propaganda into films.

2. Blacklist- A black list is a list of people who were condemened for having a Communist background. People who were blacklisted- approximately 500 actors, writers, producers, and dicectors- that had their careers go down because they werent allowed to work.

3. Alger Hiss- Was accused by whittaker Chambers accused him of being a spy for the USSR. Chambers made fake evidence to frame Hiss, but to many years had passed for the government prosecutors to charge him with espionage, but the jury convicted him of perjury because he "lied" about the documents. This shows that the government was accusing people for no reason, or just to have a trial.

4. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg- Were minor activists in the American Communist Party. They were implicated in the second spy case of Klaus Fuchs who gave the USSR information about the atomic bomb (he admitted that he had done so)

5. Joseph McCarthy- He was a famous anti communist activist Senator, who was also a republican from Wisconsin. Within his fisrt 3 years he became known for being ineffective legislator. He realized that he was going to have to win an issue so he could be reelected (1952.) So to insure that he won he charged that the communists were tking over the government.

6. McCarthyism- taking advantage of peoples concerns about communism, McCarthy made one unsupported accusationafter another. The attacks on suspected communists became know as McCarthyism. IT is the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloylatly without providing evidence.

7. McCarthy had to convict innocent people of Communism to insure that he was reelected into the senate in the 1952 election. he was know for losing his cases and getting nothing done. because calling people Communists didnt involve any evidence he was ablt ot win a lot of case and make himself look good. becasue of this innocent people were put into jail. Plus it showed that the system was flawed because he was able to do this without people doig amything to stop him. His fellow republicans didnt say anything because they wanted to have the most seats in the Senate so that they would win the majority of the votes.

Korean War Lessons

Shannon Walsh
Report for Eisenhower
Report to the new President:
The United States needed to have control in Korea because it was the symbol of “the watching world.” If the United States lost Korea, it would mean that “they lost another match to the Soviet Union.” (The US State Department, 1950.) The United States was scared that if the USSR was to win Korea that there would be a big spread in communism. If there was communism in Korea it would mean that there would mean that the bumper that the US was using to keep the communism from getting close would now be made up of communism. By having the bumper become communist it would mean that the Soviet Union would have won because they destroyed the bumper that the US was relying on. The United States did not achieve its aims because at the end of all the fighting the border line between the North and South was still the 38th parallel.
The United Nations was able to help a lot with pushing the North Koreans out of South Korea. Based on source 4 it showed that with their help they were able to push the North Koreans all the way to the border line of North Korea and China. But when the Chinese joined the North Korean forces the UN and US were pushed back past the 38th parallel. The United Nations was only trying to restore peace to Korea. In source 5 the resolution that was passed by the UN in 1950 states that “The UN will render such assistance to the republic of Korea as may be necessary to restore international peace and security to the area.” This shows that the UN was only interested in helping saving the peace, and not gaining land for the United States.
MacArthur was removed from his position as General in Korea because he did not want to listen to Truman and he wanted to do what he wanted. MacArthur wanted to invade China, but Truman said he was not allowed to invade because it would start WWIII. Truman knew that the Chinese and the Soviets would back each other up because they were both communists. MacArthur did not listen to Truman and he decided to go behind Truman’s back and told the newspapers and magazines what he was going to do. Truman was furious so he fired MacArthur.
The death tolls of war were varied greatly between each group of people. Based on source 11 the civilians in both North and South Korea lost the most people. But the soldier toll was much less

Dropping the Atomic Bomb

1. What factors have affected viewpoints on Truman's decision? -
The factors that affected trumans decision to drop the atomic bomb were the high causlities on both sides becasue the Japanese soldiers refused to surrender and would fight to the death. truman knew that if he dropped the atomic bomb he would be able to end the war quicker and lessen the caustality rate on the Allied sides.

2. Do you think he made the right decision? Give your reasons.-
Yes i believe he made the right decision becasue if he had not dropped the bomb the war would have been prolonged, plus the Allied were weakend from the Japanese attacks like the kamikaze suicide bombers were effecting the allied aircraft carriers. The japanese soldiers were ready to die for their country whether it was by a bomb or from hand to hand combate, so the decision to dropp the bomb was justified becasue it save the lifes of the estimated 1 million churchill had guessed. The bombing was unjustified becasue it killed innocent people, not just soldiers. This was not like the Allied bombings of Germany this was a much greater scale of cuasuities.

War in the Pacific

1. What was the importance of the Battle of Midway?-
The battle of Midway ISland was a turning point for the war in the Pacific, the Allies were able to stop the japanese and start making them retreat. The Americans found the Japanese fleet and sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to attack. The result was devastating to the Japanese becasue all their planes were still on the Aircraft Carriers decks. By the end of the battle of midway island the Japanese had lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. After the battle of midway island the Americans were able to start "island hopping" island by island the Americans were able to win back their territory.



2. What strategy did the United States adopt in fighting Japan?-
The United States adopted in fighting Japan



3. Why did the Japanese fight so hard on Iwo Jima?-
The Japanese fought hard on Iwo Jima becasue Iwo Jima was a key location for the Allies bomber base, these bombers would be used to bomb Japan.



4. Why did the Allies believe Okinawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan?-
The Allies believed that Okunawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan because the invasion lost a lot of lives on both sides. 7,600 Americans, 110,000 Japanese.


5. What was the Manhattan Project?-
The Manhattan Project was the "best kept secret of the war." The project was led by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Almost 600,000 Americans were involved in the project, although only some knew what it was going to do, Truman didnt know of the bomb until he became president. The first test was in Almogordo New Mexico, it was visible from 180 miles and there was a red mushroom cloud rising up out of the desert.

6. Ultimately, why did President Truman decide to drop atomic bombs on Japan?-
President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan becasue he had no doubt that it would end the war. He told the Japanese that if they did not surender unconditionaly there would be "promt and utter destruction". Truman also said that "The final decision of where and when to use the atomic bomb was up to me. Let there be no mistake about it. I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used.

War for Europe and North Africa - Part II

6. What was D-Day?
D-Day was an attack by the Allies (America, Canada, and Great Biritain), the plan was to attack Normandy France becasuse it was a key point for landing the troops via Water. Normandy was also key to the Allies objective because form that point they could fly bombers into Berlin and take out Germany. D-Day consisted of many intrecate plans, including Plan Fortitude which made the GErmans think that there was an army in Ireland planing to attack Pas de Calisa which is the point that the Germans thought that the Allies were going to attack. D- Day was planed for a few days before the actual date that went down however because there was bad weather and the Ships could not cross the English Channel. D-Day took Place on June 6th 1944, after midnight 3 divisions parachuted behind enemy lines to distract the Gemanss from seeing the ships carrying the soldiers to normandy. This was the largest land and sea and sircraft mission in the history.
though there were heavy casulaties teh Allies were able to gain an 80 mile strip of land. right after the invasion of Normany the Allies went and liberated Paris.

7. What happened at the Battle of the Bulge?
In October of 1944 the Americans captured the first Germany town (Aachen.) Hitler was not prepared for this so he launched a desperate attack to break through the allied lines and to recapture the Belgian port Antwerp. The Germans broke through the Allied 80 mile front, tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territoy creating a gap in the lines that gave the battle its name, Battle of the Bulge. As the Germans advanced westerward they captured 120 American GI's near Malmedy. The elite German troops herdered the prisoners into a large field and killed them all with Machine guns and pistols. The battle took place for a month. When the battle was over the Germans had been pushed back, and not much changed from where they had started. but really the events had made a huge change, the Germans lost 120,000 troops and 600 tanks assult guns and 1,600 planes; now they didnt have much supplies left so all they could do was retreat.


8. What did Allied troops find in Germany?
When the Soviet Union invaded the heart of Germany they came across Majdanek a German death camp. As the Soviet Union advanced toward the camp the Nazis tried to burn and bury any evidence of their horrible crimes, but they didnt have enough time. When the Soviet Union entered the camp they found thousands of starving people who were barley living, there was the worlds largest crematorium, and a storehouse filled with about 8,000 pairs of shoes. The allies thought it was "a giant murder plant."


9. What happened to Hitler? What happened to F.D. Roosevelt? Who became U.S. President?
April 25th 1945 teh Soviet Union had invaded Berlin, on April 29th he married Eva Braun whom he had been with his whole time in office. He worte his last adress to the union blaming the Jews for the war and telling them why he was goint to kill himself. He shot himself and Eva drank poision, before he died he ordered some people to take their bodies outside to be burned that way there would be no way to desacrate the bodies. may 8th 1945 Eisenhower accepted the surrender of the 3rd Reich.
President FDR died on April 12th 1945 while he was posing for a portrait in Warm Springs Georgia. He did not live to see the V-E day. The night of his death Vice President Harry S. Truman became the nations 33rd President.

War for Europe & North Africa

1. To what did Roosevelt and Churchill agree early in the war?-
Roosevelt and Churchill both agreed that they should join forces against the Access powers and that they should have a meeting about war plans ASAP. At the meeting Chirchill convinces Roosevelt that they shouold be worries about the germans first because they were a greater threat than the Japanese.

2. Why was winning the Battle of the Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of the Allies?-
Winning the battle of the Atlantic was crutical to the fortunes of the Allies because if the German U-boats kept sinking the Supplies ships to Britian to America the British would never get supplies. By putting the ships into convoys escored by sinkers and planes with readers the boats arrived saftley, and the Germans U-boats were slowed down immensley.

3. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so important?-
The Battle of Salingrad was very important because the Germans were going to capture/ conqure Stalingrad because it had oil and factories that would help them in the war. The Germans thought it was going to be an easy battle they had nightly air bombings on the city and buildings were set ablaze. When winter hit the Soviets led a counter attack becasue they could get their tanks around with the newly fallen snow. They surrounded Stalingrad and traped the GErman troops inside of the city. Many people on the soviet side were killed more than all the Americans in the whole war. But most Germans surrendered becasue they were freezing. The victory of the Soviet Union was a turing poin in the war becasue from this pont on the Soviet Army was able to take back their land and push Germany back to the West.

4. What happened in the war in North Africa?-
Operation Tourch was when the allied powers opened up a new front in North Africa in order to divert German troops away from the Soviet Unions front. 107,000 Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa. From their the went east chasing the Afrika Korps which was led by General Erwin Rommel. After a few months the Afrika Korps surrendered in May of 1943.

5. What happened after the Allies invaded Italy?-
When the allied troops invaded Italy(Sisley first) in 1943, because of the capture of Sisley the italian government forced Mussolini to resign. He was the "most hated person in Italy." The Italians were celebrating the end of the war, but Hitler was determinded to make the Allied powers stop capturing Italy that way they wouldnt get into Germany. The "Battle of Bloody Anzio" was the hardest battle teh Allies fought in Italy and it lasted for 4 months (May 1944.) The attempt to free Italy didnt succeed until 1945 when Germany itself was close to collapse.

Mobilizing for WWII.

1. Selective Service System- The Selective Service System contributed to moblizing the war byincreasing the draft size which eventually added 10 million to the 5 million who had already signed up.

2. Women- The Womans Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) was formed to allow women into the army with non combatic jobs such as nurse, ambulance driver, radio operators, piolets, electricants etc. These women were givien pay and the same benifits as men, becasue of it thousands of women enlisted.

3. Minorities- Even though most of the minorities (African Americans, Native Americans, Mexicans, and Asians) did not think it was right for them to fight for a war for democratice freedom when they didnt have it in American made them not want to sign up. even though there was racisim 300,000 Mexican Americans joined the armed forces( even though they were the smallest contributer they had the most people die), 1 million African Americans, 13,000 Chinise Americans, and eventually 33,000 japanese Americans. These people also volunteered to spy of the enemy and were used as translator to see what the Japanese were up to when they were able to get close enough. Also about 25,000 native Americans joined 800 of them were women.

4. Manufacturers- The production of automoblies were shut down and were then used to build tanks, planes, boats and command cars. All across the counry factories were starting to contribute to the war effort not just tanks but things such as parts for bombs, shells, mosquito netting etc. Shipyards and defence plants expanded with speed, one aircraft carrier was said to have been made in four days.

5. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)- Founded by FDR the scientists were used to make improvements in radar and sonar to located subs under the water. DDT was encouraged to kill the bugs and to spray the soldiers with it so they wouldnt have lice. They also had new advancements in medican suchs as penicillin. the biggest job of these dcientists was to make new weapons, the Atomic Bomb. In order to get the bomb made faster the scientists were split into 3 groups which then became known as the Manhattan Project.

6 Entertainment industry-

7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)- The Opa fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods. COngress also raides income tax rates and extended the tax to millions of people who had never paid it before. The higher the taxes = the reduction on consumer demnd on scarce goods by leaving workers with less to spend.


8. War Production Board (WPB)- Insured that the armed forces and war industries recived the resources they needed to win the war. They decided which countries would convert from peacetime to wawrtime productions to help gain key materials. The WPB also organised drives to collect scrap iron, tin, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling into war goods.School kids collected about 36 milllion pounds of scrap metal

9. Rationing- The OPA established fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military. households recived ration books with coupons to buy scarce goods such as meat, shoes, coffee,and gasoline. Gas rationing was hard on people in the western regions because driving was the only way to get around, so they carpooled instead.

America Moves Toward War

1. What did the 1939 Neutrality Act allow?
The Neutrality Act allowed the U.S to give supplies for war to the Allies, but they had to come to America and transport them back to the battlefields. Later this law was revoked and we "loaned" them supplies.

2. Who were the Axis powers?
The Axis powers were Italy, Germany, and Japan.

3. What did the Lend-Lease Act do?
The lend Lease Act allowed the U.S to give/ lend Wepaons and supplies to the Allied forces.

4. What pledges were contained in the Atlantic Charter
The U.S agreede to help Great Britian with the war, and they would watch wach others backs.

5. Who were the Allies?
The allies were mostly the the rest of the world excluding the axis powers. The main powers were The U.S.A, Great Britian, and France.


what did the attack on pearl harbor do to the U.S pacific fleet?
IT severly damaged and slowed the U.S procession into the war. But some of the main aircraft carriers werent in the harbor. Which is why the U.S was able to get into the war a lot faster. They were carrying key equitment.


Why did Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.?
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S becasue they didnt want to look weak to the rest of the world. They also thoought that they would be done with the Russian front, and they would be able to secure the Europe front, then they would be able to attack the U.S.A.

"Isolationism" and FDR (1935 - 1941)

1. What were the goals of the isolationists? Why is "isolationism" a misleading term?
The goals of the isolationists were to stay out of war, to keep America at peace, and that the United States should “remain a pillar of sanity amidst a quarrelsome and increasingly divided world.” The term “isolationism” is a misnomer because America isn’t isolating itself from the other countries, instead the supporters are all for international trade and agreed to contracts with other nations during the 1930’s

2. What did some isolationists feel that there was no need for Americans to feel threatened by developments in Europe and Asia?
Isolationists thought that America would be safe from the developments in Europe and Asia because there were vast oceans keeping them far away. They also thought that America would be safe because the USA had formed friendly alliances with all the nations of the western Hemisphere.

3. What were the purposes of the Nye Committee hearings?
The purposes of the Nye Committee hearings was because as Germany was gaining power, Nye wanted to investigate the reasons the USA entered WWI, he hoped that if the truth was uncovered and the public was informed, than the USA would be able to stay out of the troubles of the countries overseas.

4. List two impressions that the Nye Committee hearings created.
The two impressions that the Nye Committee hearings created were increasing the isolationists mood in the USA, and though they found no conspiracy in why the USA went into the first world war the hearings and newspapers created the impression that American soldiers had died in WWI because corporations looking to make a profit had convinced Wilson to go to war in 1917.

5. What were the purposes of the Neutrality Acts?
The purposes of the Neutrality Acts were to introduce legislation to prevent the United States from supplying one side or another during a war. The Act of 1935 prohibited shipping or carrying arms to warring nations. It also established a National Munitions Board to bring the armament industry under control of the government. This act didn’t ban the trade of other potential war materials like steel and oil.
6. List two reasons that some Americans considered Roosevelt's leadership radical and dangerous.
Some Americans thought that Roosevelt’s leadership was radical and dangerous because he was able to give people jobs so that he was always in charge. Because he ran for a third term which was something no other president had attempted showed that he was over powerful, which made him dangerous.

7. What was "Cash and Carry"?
“Cash and Carry” was a part of the Neutrality Act of 1939, Cash and Carry was the main component of it. Cash and Carry allowed the USA to continue trading with belligerents, but require that the warring nations pay cash for what they wanted and that they carry the goods themselves. This ment they had to travel to U.S shores, get what they needed and get it back to where the goods were needed.

8. Why did President Roosevelt freeze Japanese assets in the United States?
President Roosevelt froze the Japanese assents in the USA because Riisevelt thought that he could stop Japan from further aggression by prohibiting the sale of avation fuel and scrap metal. This made the Japanese mad so they marched into Northern French Indochina (with the German permission.) Japan went there because it was a good source for oil and it helped Japan occupy Chin. That was the last straw for Roosevelt so he wouldn’t let Japan use the investments or the money the USA had lended them (freezing their assets.)

9. What was the purpose of the America First Committee?
The purpose of the American First Committee was devoted to keeping the USA out of the war, even though Germany and Japan were gaining power that would not be kept away by the oceans and isolationism.

World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (pgs. 4 - 5)
. Most of the population thought that by having Japan join the league of nations it would keep Japan as a "second tire power." Some people thought that Japan should engage in the great powers and support the international system as a mean of having ntural resources and letting their markets grow.Some peopel thought that the other European nations would not treat Japan with respect, and the other countries were also competing for the resources and markets.


2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?
japan was becaoming a stronger power by "modelling its new navy on Britian" its banking system on the United States, and its military and constitutions on Prussia." pg 4 Pull out box japan was becaoming a strong power bacause it was building its basics from what it was seeing the more powerful countries doing, this ensured teh Japanese that their new ways would bring them into power.The United States was worried about the japanese because they were expanding into China where the US had main holdes in the markets. With japan in control the US could lose the power they had in China. Japan was also expanding into the pacific so the US was worried that Japan would try to take over the US's land such as Hawaii.


3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished? (pg. 6.Note: Japan signs the agreement.)
The U.S called the confrence because japans growth as a naval power in the Pacific threatened U.S intrests. The countries who were particioating in the confrence agreed to limit a naval arms race, and to discuss issues related to the nations of the Pacific Ocean and the far east. The parties agreed to limit the size of their naval ships, placed a moratorium on buliding new battleships, restricted the use of poison gas, and limited the role of submarines in fiture wars. the nations also signed a treaty that opeded trade with China. Also any problems in the Pacific would be submitted to the committee for resolution.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they? (pgs. 6 - 7)
In 1928 President Coolidge and Secretary of State Frank B. kellogg touted the signing of the multinational Kellogg- Brand Pact whih outlawed war in attempt to ensure that WWI was the war to end all wars. They thought that if another world war were to erupt the U.S should not take place in it. The strong sentiments were to keep the U.S out of any world wars, and keeping the isolatiosm in the U.S.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons. (pgs. 9 - 10)
Hitler enjoyed popular support in Germany for most of the 1930's by reducing the unemployment, increasing the economic solution, and restoring the national pride for the Germans still humiliated by the defeat in WWI and by how poor they had become.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons? (pg. 10)
Japan voiced it's intentions to invade China by bombing their own railways and blaming it on the Chinies as an excuse to invade. They also had the leaders of japan considering the coal and iron ore reserves of Manchuria which was something they needed for the growth of the industrialized economy.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accompllish?
Both of these incidents gave the two parties what they wanted. The fire made Hitler look like a good leader and he was able to attack the communisum that was in the country. The explosion of the raiilway allowed the Japanese to invade China to "defend themselfs."


Note: These are like what the U.S did when the U.S.S Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, by allowing us to go to war with spain and gain Cuba which was our main priority.


8. Why was the united States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force? (pgs. 11 - 12)
The U.S had drasticaly reduced the sixe of its army from WWI. The United States was also not prepared for this attack because Japan had singned a treaty with the league of nations, so it was unexpected that they would go against it.

New Deal Essay Outline

How, and with what success, did the United States government try to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression?
•A strong, well-developed thesis statement that provides a structured framework for an argument.
•The nature and scale of the problem facing Roosevelt
Despite all of Roosevelts efforts to get the economy out of the depression, none of what he did worked. So when it came time for him to run for his second term he didn’t not have all the support of the public like he did when he first ran.
•The action he took through the 1930s (the "Hows")
The three r’s relief recovery and reform was his method to fix the economy.
•The impact of the New Deal on Americans (Successes / Failures / In-betweens)
•The reasons for opposition to the New Deal (Counter-argument)
•Your own judgement on its success. (To what extent... / with what success...)
These things never really help the economy out of the depression, nor did they end it. Instead it kept the peoples hopes up until WWII came to end the depression.
•Make sure you include specific evidence to support all of the above.


Thesis:
The United States Government tried solve the problems of the great depression by inventing the emergency banking act, having the groups of the Hundred days focused on helping the citizens, and the New Deal. These events helped but not enough to solve the problems of the great depression, they only helped make the people feel better.

Argument One:
Emergency Banking Act-
Pro’s
Allowed only the banks in good financial condition to stay open, that way the people would have faith in what happened when putting their money into the banks.
Because only the good banks opened it gave the people the confidence to put their life savings into the bank.
Cons’s
Citizens had their savings in the banks, including those that were closed. The citizens never got their money back.
People who worked at the banks lost their jobs.
Argument Two:
Made groups that helped the general public.
These groups tried to help the people get through the depression, and tried to get the economy out of the depression

FDR & the New Deal

1. Describe how people struggled to survive during the depression.
People lived in shanty towns, which were houses made out of scraps they found on the streets, others slept in parks with newspapers as blankets. To eat people dug through trash cans, there were bread lines, and Soup kitchens.

2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? Children?
The MEN who were unemployed during the depression would go out every day to look for work, but after a a few years the men grew discouraged, and would somethimes leave their familys. Mainly men would turn up in Big City homeless shelters. The WOMEN would work hard to help their familys. They would manage their budget to save money, they would get jobs even though they got paid less than men, later however married women were forced to stop working even as schoolteachers. They would sew clothes and can food.women starved to death because they were to ashamed to beg or go to the bread lines. The CHILDREN had serious health problems becasue of lack of nutrienten. Schools shut down because of the budgets, so the children would go to work. some teens tried to travel America by hoping on trains looking for work. But they were often caught and beaten by bulls, locked in ice boxes, or killed by murders.

3. Describe the causes and effects (on people) because of the Dust Bowl.
Farmers who had land were forced to leave it behind and search for work. They traveled west to California in search for new work. Soe tried to become extra hands pn farms, but others couldn't get work.

4. What was the New Deal and its three general goals? (The 3 Rs)
The New Deal was FDR's program to alleviate the problems of the Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. The three R's were relief, recovery, and reform.

5. What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?
Durning the hundreds days was when Roosevelt had congress passing over 15 pieces of New Deal Legislation. These laws greatly expanded the governments role in the nations economy. Roosevelt had banks closed, then had them investigated. The ones that were ok and paid off their debt were opened at once, but the ones that were unable to pay off debt were forced to be shut down for good.

6. Why were Roosevelt's fireside chats significant?
Roosevelts fireside chats were significant because it made the citizens feel as if he was talking directly to them becasue he was using simply direct language. These chats were over the radio explaning what he was doing and why. The chats

7. Describe four significant agencies and/or bills that tightened regulation of banking and finance.

GLASS STEAGALL ACT- it established the Federal Deposit Insurance Cororation(FDIC) to protect individuals' bank accounts.
FEDERAL SECURITY ACT- it required corporations to provide complete, accurate info on all stock offerings to make the citizens have faith in the stok market again. off of this congress made SECURITIES and EXCHANGES COMMISSIONS (SEC) which would regulate the stock market, this kept people from ripping off the stock market/ rigging it.
Some alochol was allowed to be manufactured and sold. when the 21st amendment was passed prohibition was repealed.

Causes of the Great Depression Outline

To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support your argument with specific examples.

Thesis
I. Main Point 1
a. Evidence 1 that supports Main Point 1
i. further supporting details
b. Evidence 2 that supports Main Point 1
II. Main Point 2.... and so on.

Thesis-
The great depression was the outcome of many events . The decline in the arguiculture, tariffs and war debt tht cut down forgien market for American goods, the poor credit, as well as the wall street crash.

Main Point 1: Agriculture
i. Farmers go into debt, cant pay back loans which lead to banks taking land, but going broke becuse they do not get paid back.
ww1 is why they took out loans, trying to meet th egrowing demand. After the warteh demand went down, farmers couldnt make money so they bumped down the prices and no one bought it. Went bankruped and the bank took their land.


Main Point 2: Credit
People used credit to buy all these ice new things, then relized they couldnt pay it back.
The economy would tank because a lot of people were not paying what they owed so the country would lose money.

Main Point 3: Wall Street Crash
Wall street lost tons of money becasue of SPECULATION! which is a form of gambling. People who borrow money, buy shares then sell them for more money.
MARGIN- People could put money down and not pay the whole thing up front hoping that they would make enough on their stick to pay it back and then some. When the economy tanked no one had the money to pay back what they owed, people didnt want to buy stocks so pretty mucb there was no money there at all.

Main Point 4: Tariffs and war debt
HAWLEY SMOOT TARIFF- reduced foregin goods coming into the U.S that way investors would not buy foregin products they would buy stuff from home.
This led to other countries not being able to buy things from the U.S because the tariff was so high.
Some industries were badly hurt, unemployment rises, no goods to Europe who has all our money that we lended them in WW1
Other countries made their tariffs high to, to get back at the U.S

Causes & Early Effects of the Great Depression

1. What happened on "Black Tuesday"?
on Black Tuesday 1929 the stock market cashed the DOw Jones dropped 12%. This was the biggest fall in the stock market on America.

2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s in industry, agriculture, and with consumers help cause the Great Depression? (Make sure you include significant details about each area in your answer. It should be at least a paragraph)
The AGRICULTURE in the 1920's went way down from the times of the war. During the war wheat and other grain were in high demands, so farmers took out loans in order to expand their farms to meet the demand. When the war was over the demand went down, and farmers lost because they were in debt from taking out the laons, and they couldnt pay the loans back because they werent making enough money to. Because of this the farmers raised the prices of their gooods, which made the people have to pay more. Because of the credit that was now avaible people would creat debt for themselves. The INDUSTRY helped caused the great depression because the basic textiles (railroads,textiles, and steel.) Coal was hit hard after the war because there were new forms of electricty so people were no longer buying it. When housing fell so didnt the jobs that went with it such as construction, and industries that built things such as furniture, rugs etc.

3. According to your reading, what are the major causes of the Great Depression?
Coustmers have less money to spend, they are living on credit, the collasp of some industries and the farmers who lost money and had to raise their products prices.

4. What was Hoover’s philosophy of government?
He thought that one governments chief functions was to foster cooperations between competing groups and businesses. And that government should intervene to make sure that both sides get what they need, the government would force anything that it was a privlage.

5. What was Hoover’s initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929?
He tried to tell Americans that America had a strong footing and everything would be all right,he wanted them to go about their business as usual and look to a brighter future.

6. What was the nation’s economic situation in 1930?
more companies were going out of business was shrinking while the unemployment rate soared up, Soup kitches were everywhere, and general misery was apon the people.Shantytowns began to grow in every city, and hobos continued to roam.

7. How did voters in 1930 respond to this situation?
Voters who had favored the republicans when they voted Hoover in hoping he would bring the country to wealth went back to the Democrats which gave them more seats in Senate allowing them to bend the vote to their favor.

8. What did Hoover do about the economic situation?
Hoover still refused to support anymore federal welfare, the people were upset by this saying that he was the reason the country wa starving.

9. How did the economy respond to his efforts?
As much as Hoover did like fixing the banks to start to scrape away at bankrupcy the people saw that it was yet to turn the economy around.

The Twenties Woman

1. Note two ways women's fashions changed.
They wore bright dresses that were light and hung just above the knee; these dresses were alos close fitting, pumps, skin colored nylons. Their hair was cut into bobs and dyed dark black.
2. Note two ways women's social behavior changed.
The women were more assertive, smoked in public and drank, they could talk openly about sex and Marriage became an equal partnership.


3. Note two words that describe the attitude reflected by these changes.
Flappers and the double standered.

4. Note one way women's work opportunities improved.
Because of the new factories women could now work in offices, factories,stores and professions. Because women wanted to go into professions colleges became womens colleges to teach them the professions.

5. Note two ways women's home and family life improved.
The birth rate had gone down becasue of birth control, new machines made it so the mother/wife didnt have to stay home all day and do the work.

6. Note three negative effects that accompanied women's changing roles in the 1920s.
As the women ajusted to the changes they were now open to put strain onto the familys that was not needed. Young adolesents were rebelling a lot more. It was hard for the women to juggle the kids house work and their new work/ changes of the 20's.

The Twenties Woman

Prohibition and the Scopes Trial

Do you think the passage of the Volstead Act and the ruling in the Scopes trial represented genuine triumphs for traditional values? Think About:
• changes in urban life in the 1920s
• the effects of Prohibition
• the legacy of the Scopes trial


The Government was trying to help the citizens through this huge national change. They put laws on drinking to stop the violence and corupption that came with it. They put the biologly teacher into trial to see if it would be the best for the nation to have the children learn of darwins Theroy or if they should stick to God. There were great changes during thsi time, so yes it was good for the government to be looking out for the nation, but they should not be doing it in a way in which the morals of the citizens would be effected.

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues

1. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear?
THe justice Department under A.Mitchell Palmer responded to this fear by starting the Palmer raids which went against the publics rights by invading homes, jailing vics ect. They also

2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public?
After a while the public thought that Plamer was using the "Red Scare" as a campaign bumper upper, to gain the publics support, but the public thought that he had no clue what he was doing.

3. How did the Ku Klux Klan respond to this fear?
The KKK was paid to hier new recruits then they were against anyone who was not from America, they also made sure to "keep blacks in their place."

4. Why did the Klan eventually lose popularity and membership?
Their criminal activity led to a decrease in power even though they had high power in the states politics.

5. Briefly describe how Sacco and Vanzetti became victims of the Red Scare.
In America they were charged with robbery and murder, yet the accued pleaded innocent and had alibiles, the judge still found them guility and they were killed.

6. Why was the strike by Boston police unpopular with the public?
The strike was unpopular with the public because it put the pubic in danger which is something that the police wer paid to do.

7. Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular?
Calvin Coolidge became really popular because he stopped the police strike and he then fired all the strikers and hired new ones

8. Why was the strike at U.S. Steel unpopular?
The strike at the U.S Steel was unpopular becasue the strikers only wanted to changed their hours and their pay. when they were striking other people were hired into thier jobs, and the strikers were beaten by police, then their bosses labeled all the strikers as communists.

9. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike?
Wilson responded to the steel strike by ending the dispute, having the bosses and the workers sit down and talk out what they wanted.